Campus bullying and associated factors among college and middle school students in Tibet / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand campus bullying in colleges and middle schools in Tibet, and to analyze related influencing factors, so as to provide reliable basis and reference for formulating targeted intervention measures.@*Methods@#A stratified cluster sampling method was used to investigate the status and influencing factors of being bullied by questionnaire among 3 875 college and middle school students in Ngari, Qamdo, Lhasa, Nagqu and Xigaze of Tibet, from September to November 2019. Chi-square test and Logistic regression method were used for data analysis.@*Results@#The report rate of campus bullying among college and middle school students in Tibet was 5.50%; 4.35% for girls and 6.76% for boys；8.81% for college students, 1.64% for senior high school students and 5.94% for junior high school students. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking ( OR =1.71), Internet addiction ( OR =3.82), depression ( OR =3.84), obesity ( OR =2.02), single parent family ( OR = 1.67 ) and reorganized family ( OR =3.74) were positively correlated with campus bullying ( P <0.05). Girls ( OR =0.66) and senior high school ( OR =0.28) were negatively correlated with campus bullying ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Campus bullying is related to campus environment, family type, behaviors and life styles, etc. Efforts should be committed to build a caring campus culture and a good family moral education environment, in order to reduce the incidence of campus bullying and associated adverse effects.

The effect of regions-of-interest and elasticity modulus selection on differentiating benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes with shear wave elastography

OBJECTIVE: Imaging diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy has conventionally used ultrasonography. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a recent ultrasound technological advancement that has shown promise in the important medical problem of differentiating between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes based on quantitative measurements of elasticity modulus. However, widely varying elasticity modulus metrics and regions-of-interest (ROIs) were used in existing studies, leading to inconsistent findings and results that are hard to compare with each other. METHODS: Using a large dataset of 264 cervical lymph nodes from 200 patients, we designed a study comparing three elasticity modulus metrics (Emax, Emean, and standard deviation-SD) with three different ROIs to evaluate the effect of such selections. The metric values were compared between the benign and malignant node groups. The different ROI and metric selections were also compared through receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. RESULTS: For all ROIs, all metric values were significantly different between the two groups, indicting their diagnostic potential. This was confirmed by the ≥0.80 area under the curve (AUC) values achieved with these metrics. Different ROIs had no effect on Emax, whereas all ROIs achieved high performance at 0.88 AUC. For Emean, the smallest ROI focusing on the area of the highest elasticity achieved the best diagnostic performance. In contrast, the larger ROIs achieved higher performances for SD. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrated the effect of elasticity modulus and ROI selection on the diagnostic performance of SWE on cervical lymphadenopathy. These new findings help guide relevant future studies and clinical applications of this important quantitative imaging modality.

Exploring active compounds of Da-Yuan-Yin in treatment of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method / 中草药

Objective: To explore the active compound of Da-Yuan-Yin for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Based on traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology platform (TCMSP), the chemical composition and targets of Arecae Semen, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Tsaoko Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Scutellariae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were screened. The targets of corresponding gene were searched through UniProt, GeneCards databases, and then Cytoscape3.2.1 was used to build compound-targets (genes) networks. The enrichment of gene ontology (GO) function analysis by DAVID and the pathway enrichment analysis by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were carried out, the mechanism of its action was predicted. Results: The compound-target network contained 141 compounds and 267 corresponding targets, and the key targets involved PTGS2, HSP90AA1, ESR1, AR, NOS2, etc. The function enrichment analysis of GO was 522 (P < 0.05), of which there were 421 biological processes (BP) items, and 38 related items of cell composition (CC),and 63 molecular function (MF) items. There were 25 signal pathways (P < 0.05) in the KEGG pathway enrichment screening, involving small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and T cell receptor signaling pathways, etc. The results of molecular docking showed that the affinity of quercetin, kaempferol, baicalin and other core compounds was similar to recommended drugs recommended in the treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion: The active compounds in Da-Yuan-Yin may regulate multiple signaling pathways by binding angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) and acting on targets such as PTGS2, HSP90AA1 and ESR1 to inhibit COVID-19.

Investigation of potential Chinese materia medica and its monomers in treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of treating COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine and monomers with ACE2 as receptor. Methods: Chinese materia medica and monomers acting on angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor was retrieved by TCMSP database. UniProt, GeneCards and other databases were used to query the gene names corresponding to the target of Chinese medicine monomer, and then Cytoscape 3.6.1 was used to construct the compound-target (gene) network. DAVID was used to carry out the gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis to predict its mechanism of action. Results: There were 54 targets in the puerarin-target network, including AKT1, VEGFA, TNF, etc. GO function enrichment analysis revealed 554 GO items (P < 0.05), including 486 biological process (BP) items, 26 cell component (CC) items, and 42 molecular function (MF) items. There were 162 signaling pathways (P < 0.05) involved in small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renin-angiotensin system pathway, etc. The results of molecular docking showed that the affinity of puerarin with ACE2 and hydrolase of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to the recommended drugs. Conclusion: Puerarin may regulate multiple signaling pathways by binding ACE2 to AGTR1, NOS3, HIF1A and other targets and regulating multiple signaling pathways, which may have therapeutic effects on COVID-19.

Mechanism of herb pair containing Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma on treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment by drug pair containing Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma. Methods: The chemical composition and targets of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma were searched by the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology platform (TCMSP), and T2DM related genes were searched by OMIM, TDD, Drugbank, and Digsee databases. UniProt database was used to query the target-related genes. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was used to construct compound-targets (genes) networks and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen out the key targets. Finally, the mechanism of its action was studied by DAVID analyzing enrichment of gene ontology (GO) function and pathway enrichment analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results: The compound-target network contained 42 compounds and 213 corresponding targets, and the key targets involved PTGS2, PTGS1, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, NOS2, etc. The PPI core network contained 15 protein, and key protein involved in TNF, IL-6, INSR, etc. The functional enrichment analysis of GO obtained 108 GO items (P < 0.05), of which there were 87 biological processes (BP) items, 9 molecular function (CC) items, and 12 related items of cell composition (MF). There were 24 signal pathways (P < 0.05) in the KEGG pathway enrichment screening, involving insulin resistance, T2DM and insulin signaling pathway and so on. Conclusion: The active components of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma regulate inflammatory cytokines and act on insulin receptor in the treatment of T2DM mainly through DPP4, PPARG, IL6, PPARD, TNF, and other targets.

Research on mechanism of Sini Powder in treatment of depression based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of depression by Sini Powder. Methods: The chemical composition and targets of Bupleuri Radix, Paeonia Radix Alba, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were searched by the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology platform (TCMSP). Depression related genes were screened from OMIM, TDD, Drugbank, and Digsee multiple databases. The target corresponding genes were searched through UniProt, GeneCards, and PubMed database query and then Cytoscape 3.2.1 was used to build compound-targets (genes) networks, protein interaction (PPI) filter core targe; At last, the enrichment of gene ontology (GO) function analysis by DAVID based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was carried out, and the mechanism of its action research was predicted. Results: The compound-target network contained 121 compounds and the corresponding 259 targets, and the key targets involved PTGS2, CALM1, ESR1, HSP90AA1, AR, etc. The PPI core network contained 15 proteins, key proteins involved in CASP3, CHRM2, CYP3A4, and etc. The function enrichment analysis of GO was 375 (P < 0.05), of which there were 307 biological processes (BP), and 37 related items of cell composition (CC), and 31 molecular function (MF) items. 37 related items of cell composition (CC), and 31 molecular function (MF) items. There were 37 signal pathways (P < 0.05) in KEGG pathway enrichment screening, involving neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, dopaminergic synapse, IL-17 signaling pathway and so on. Conclusion: The active components in Sini Powder play an antidepressant role by acting on 15 key targets such as CASP3, CHRM2, DRD1 to regulate multiple signaling pathways.

Translation and validation of the Tibetan confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background:@#At present, there is no available delirium translated assessment method for 3.3 million Tibetans. This study aimed to provide a method for delirium assessment for Tibetan patients speaking this language by validating a translation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).@*Methods:@#The study was conducted between July 2018 and November 2018. Patients were screened for delirium by a neurologist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV). Patients were subsequently screened by two nurses using Tibetan translations of the CAM-ICU. With DSM-IV criterion as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to assess the validity of the CAM-ICU criterion. Interrater reliability was determined by comparing the CAM-ICU ratings of nurse 1 vs. nurse 2 using the κ coefficient.@*Results:@#Ninety-six patients were assessed independently by two nurses and one neurologist. According to DSM-IV standard, 42 out of 96 (43.8%) patients developed delirium. The sensitivities of Tibetan CAM-ICU were 90.5% for nurse 1 and 92.9% for nurse 2, respectively. Their specificities were 85.2% and 90.7%, respectively. The PPV were 82.6% for nurse 1 and 88.6% for nurse 2. Their NPV were 92.0% and 94.2%, respectively. The Tibetan CAM-ICU was done with good interrater reliability between nurse 1 and nurse 2 (κ= 0.91, P < 0.001).@*Conclusion:@#The Tibetan CAM-ICU shows good validity and might be incorporated into clinical practice in Tibetan Intensive Care Units.@*Clinical Trail Registry:@#www.chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR1800018231)

Translation and validation of the Tibetan confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#At present, there is no available delirium translated assessment method for 3.3 million Tibetans. This study aimed to provide a method for delirium assessment for Tibetan patients speaking this language by validating a translation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).@*METHODS@#The study was conducted between July 2018 and November 2018. Patients were screened for delirium by a neurologist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV). Patients were subsequently screened by two nurses using Tibetan translations of the CAM-ICU. With DSM-IV criterion as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to assess the validity of the CAM-ICU criterion. Interrater reliability was determined by comparing the CAM-ICU ratings of nurse 1 vs. nurse 2 using the κ coefficient.@*RESULTS@#Ninety-six patients were assessed independently by two nurses and one neurologist. According to DSM-IV standard, 42 out of 96 (43.8%) patients developed delirium. The sensitivities of Tibetan CAM-ICU were 90.5% for nurse 1 and 92.9% for nurse 2, respectively. Their specificities were 85.2% and 90.7%, respectively. The PPV were 82.6% for nurse 1 and 88.6% for nurse 2. Their NPV were 92.0% and 94.2%, respectively. The Tibetan CAM-ICU was done with good interrater reliability between nurse 1 and nurse 2 (κ = 0.91, P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The Tibetan CAM-ICU shows good validity and might be incorporated into clinical practice in Tibetan Intensive Care Units. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRY:: www.chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR1800018231).

Tetramethylpyrazine Improves Postoperative Tissue Adhesion: A Drug Repurposing / 中国结合医学杂志

Plants are known to possess plenty of pharmacological activities as a result of various phytoconstituents. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), one of the most widely used medicinal compound isolated from traditional Chinese herb, is usually employed for anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-lipid, anti-fibrosis, as well as activating blood, removing stasis, dilating small arteries, improving microcirculation and antagonizing calcium. In the present paper, the anti-adhesion effect of TMP were reviewed. TMP was found to play a multi-target and muti-link role in anti-adhesion by inhibiting hyperplasia of collagen and overexpression of adhesion-related factors and reducing the concentration of white blood cells and fibrin in plasma. Because previous studies mostly focused on in vitro experiments and animal experiments, there is an urgent need for clinical research with abundant indicators to further prove its anti-adhesion potency. Future basic research should concentrate on the development of TMP as a biological material.

Preparation and effect evaluation of the adjuvant vaccine of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Tibetan piglets / 中国人兽共患病学报

To study the immune protection of the inactivated vaccine against the enteropathogenic E.coli in Tibetan pigs,the strains isolated from the dead pig was identified by biochemistry and PCR methods.After that,the biological adjuvant vaccine was prepared by following procession.Firstly,selected enteropathogenic E.coli strain was cultured.Then,we harvested the bacteria and inactived it to prepare the antigen.Finally,we added the recombined cholera toxin B subunit as the biological adjuvant,added the mannose in solution 3 ％-5％ (W/V),distributed in ampoule,and freeze-dried.The performances of the vaccine was evaluated by administration for the nine groups of KM mice in oral and intramuscular immuno strategies,respectively.Results demonstrated that the effect of intramuscular injection of low dose containing adjuvant group were better than those without adjuvant group.The oral group contained both high dose of adjuvant group and low dose effect of immune adjuvant group were better than that of high and low dose not containing adjuvant group,and high dose of immune effect was better than low dose immune effect.The antibody titers proved that immunization for 4 times was much better than those immunization for times less than that.The data showed the vaccine was high protection against Tibetan Pig enteropathogenic E.coli challenge,especially the high dose of adjuvant vaccine was 100％ protection rate against enteropathogenic E.coli when orally immunization for 4 times in mice.

Determination of pirfenidone and its majormetabolite in human plasma by LC-MS/MS analysis / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish a LC-MS/MS method for the determination of pirfenidone(BT)and its major metabolite 5-carboxy-pirfenidone(SBT)in human plasma.Methods Human plasma samples containing BT and SBT,as well as their corresponding deuterium-labeled internal standards pirfenidone-d5(dBT)and 5-carboxy-pirfenidone-d5(dSBT),were precipitated using methanol.Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent ZORBAX SB C18(3.0 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm)column with the mobile phase of water(0.5％formic acid)and acetonitrile(50/50).The detection of analytes was performed on a tandem mass system equipped with an electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring.The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 185.958→77.1 for BT,m/z 215.944→77.0 for SBT,m/z 190.965→81.1 for dBT and m/z 220.948→99.1 for dSBT.Results There was no remarkable interference in blank solvent,plasma,and there was no mutual interference between analytes or internal standards.The proposed method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.020 59～25.14 mg·L-1 for BT and 0.016 73～20.42 mg·L-1 for SBT.The intra-batch and inter-batch precision and accuracy were proved to be acceptable.Human samples kept stable after 4 h at room temperature,the three freeze-thaw cycles and 10,29 and 52 days at-70 ℃,and the processed samples remained stable after 24 h in the autosampler.The average extraction recovery and matrix effect were precise,reproducible and acceptable.Conclusion Our current LC-MS/MS method is proved to be sensitive,accurate and convenient,and could be suitable for the clinical pharmacokinetic studies of BT-related preparations.

Simultaneous determination of six constituents in Jiaotai Pills by HPLC / 中成药

AIM To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of six constituents in Jiaotai Pills (Coptidis Rhizoma and Cinnamomi Cortex).METHODS The analysis of 30％ methanol of this drug was performed on a 30 ℃ Agilent ZORBAX SB-C1s column (4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-KH2PO4flowing at 0.8 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 276 nm.RESULTS Epiberberine,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride,coptisine hydrochloride,palmatine chloride,berberine hydrochloride and cinnamaldehyde showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 0.64-41.24 μg/mL (R2 =0.999 9),0.65-43.76 μg/mL (R2 =1.000 0),0.82-52.65 μg/mL (R2 =0.999 9),0.79-50.70 μg/mL (R2 =0.999 9),3.08-197.20 μg/mL (R2=0.999 8) and 0.65-41.65 μg/mL (R2 =0.999 9),whose average recoveries were 98.06％,102.76％,99.27％,99.75％,96.74％ and 101.33％ with the RSDs of 0.56％,0.54％,0.39％,0.55％,0.48％ and 2.14％,respectively.CONCLUSION This accurate,sensitive,stable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of Jiaotai Pills.

Unilateral photothrombotic motor cortex lesion-induced hindlimb spastic hemiplegia model in rats / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To examine the feasibility of using photothrombotic unilateral motor cortex lesion for establishing hindlimb spastic hemiplegia model in rats. Methods Twenty SD rats were randomized into 2 groups: rats in group A received erythrosine B injection followed by laser iiradiation, and those in group B received sham operation. Then the rate dependent depression (RDD) of H reflex was employed to measure the spasticity of the plantaris before and 3, 7, 14, 28 days postoperation. H-E staining was used to observed the lesions in the motor cortex. Cholera toxin B subunit was used to retrogradely labll motoneurons in the spinal cord. The number of vesicular glutamine transporter 1 (VGLUT1) boutons on motoneuron soma and dendrite was quantified by immunofluorescence staining and laser confocal microscope scanning. Results Hreflex RDD in the right plantaris muscle was significantly decreased in group A compared with that in group B at 3, 7,14, and 28 days postoperation (P0. 05). The number of VGLUT1 boutons on soma and dendrite in group A was significantly increased compared with that in group B (P<0. 01). H-E staining showed specific lesion in the motor cortex of the brain tissue in group A, but not in group B. Conclusion Unilateral photothrombotic motor cortex lesion is feasible to generate contralateral hindlimb spastic hemiplegia in rats.

The effects of protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors on the viability of pancreatic cancer cell and its mechanism / 中华消化杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitors on the viability of pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 and its mechanism.MethodsPANC-1 cells were treated with PP2A inhibitors Cantharidin or Okadiac acid.The activity degree of NF-κB pathway was tested by Western blot.NF-κB pathway was blocked from all sectors by PP2Acα plamid transfection,NF-κB inhibition of protein kinase α (IKKα) and NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) dominant negative mutant and p65 interfering plasmid.Cell viability was determined by MTT.ResultsPP2A inhibitors could induce phosphorylation of IKKα,further phosphorylation of IκBα and degradation and followed by the release of p65 into nucleus.When PP2Acα,IKKα dominant negative mutant and IκBα dominant negative mutant were overexpressed,or p65 was interfered,the inhibition rate of Cantharidin on cell viability decreased (31.85±13.37) ％,(23.48±8.98)％,(22.63±5.81)％ and (20.88±3.24)％respectively,and the inhibition rate of Okadiac acid on cell viability decreased (40.17 ± 11.65)％,(27.34±14.28)％,(24.85±3.39)％ and (27.08±3.81)％ respectively.ConclusionsPP2Ainhibitors play a role in preventing pancreatic cancer through PP2Acα/IKKα/IκBα/p65 pathway.

Cantharidin induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC1 and CFPAC-1 / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective To investigate the apoptosis induction effect of Cantharidin on pancreatic cancer cell line PANC1 and CFPAC-1 and possible mechanism. Methods PANC1 and CFPAC-1 was treated with Cantharidin. Cell growth was determined by MTT. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Caspase activity was measured by using enzyme chemical method. Apoptosis-related gene expressions were determined by using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results Cantharidin significantly inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cells PANC1, CFPAC-1 and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Seventy-two hours after 10 μmol/L Cantharidin treatment, the inhibitory rates of PANC1, CFPAC-1 were (52.95 ± 6.34)％ and (71.21 ±6.30)％. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the early and later period apoptotic cell of PANC1 was increased from 7.35％ to 24.89％, from 6.36％ to 17.73％. The early and later period apoptotic cell of CFPAC was increased from 6.39％ to 24.70％, from 9.21％ to 12.58％ (P＜0.01). Activity of caspase 8 and caspase 9 in PANC1 cells was (155.8 + 11.5)％ and (194.6 ± 14.7)％ when compared with that of control group. Activity of caspase 8 and caspase 9 in CFPAC- 1 was ( 182.5 ± 24.3 ) ％ and ( 215.8 ± 12.2) ％when compared with that of control group ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). The expression of pro-apoptotic genes, TNF-α,TRAILR1, TRAILR2, Bad, Bak and Bid was elevated, the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene was decreased. Conclusions Cantharidin can induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines by activating caspase,up-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic genes.